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How Does the National Endowment for the Arts Work

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Contained bureau of the U.s. federal government

National Endowment for the Arts
National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) Logo 2018 Square on Black.svg
Agency overview
Formed 1965
Jurisdiction Federal authorities of the United States
Headquarters Constitution Center, Washington, D.C.
Annual upkeep $162,250,000 USD (2020)
Bureau executive
  • Maria Rosario Jackson, Chairman[i]
Website arts.gov

The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) is an independent bureau of the United States federal government that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence.[ii] Information technology was created by an act of the U.S. Congress in 1965 as an independent bureau of the federal government. The agency was created by an act of the U.S. Congress and signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 29, 1965 (20 The statesC. 951).[3] The foundation consists of the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities, and the Institute of Museum and Library Services.

The NEA has its offices in Washington, D.C. Information technology was awarded Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre in 1995, likewise as the Special Tony Award in 2016.[four] In 1985, the Arts Endowment won an honorary Oscar from the Academy of Moving-picture show Arts and Sciences for its work with the American Motion picture Institute in the identification, conquering, restoration and preservation of historic films.[5] Additionally, in 2016 and again in 2017, the National Endowment for the Arts received Emmy nominations from the Goggle box Academy in the Outstanding Short Form Nonfiction or Reality Series category.[6]

History and Purpose [edit]

The National Endowment for the Arts was created during the term of President Lyndon B. Johnson under the general auspices of the Great Order. Co-ordinate to historian Karen Patricia Heath, "Johnson personally was not much interested in the acquisition of cognition, cultural or otherwise, for its ain sake, nor did he have time for art appreciation or coming together with artists."[vii]

The NEA is "defended to supporting excellence in the arts, both new and established; bringing the arts to all Americans; and providing leadership in arts education".[2]

Grants [edit]

Between 1965 and 2008, the bureau has fabricated in excess of 128,000 grants, totaling more than than $five billion. From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, Congress granted the NEA an almanac funding of between $160 and $180 million. In 1996, Congress cut the NEA funding to $99.5 million as a result of pressure level from conservative groups, including the American Family Association, who criticized the bureau for using tax dollars to fund highly controversial artists such as Barbara DeGenevieve, Andres Serrano, Robert Mapplethorpe, and the performance artists known as the "NEA Four". Since 1996, the NEA has partially rebounded with a 2015 budget of $146.21 million.[8] For FY 2010, the upkeep reached the level information technology was at during the mid-1990s at $167.5 million[9] but savage again in FY 2011 with a budget of $154 1000000.[ix]

Governance [edit]

The NEA is governed by a chairman nominated past the president to a four-year term and field of study to congressional confirmation.[10] The NEA'southward advisory committee, the National Council on the Arts, advises the Chairman on policies and programs, as well equally reviewing grant applications, fundraising guidelines, and leadership initiative. This body consists of xiv individuals appointed past the President for their expertise and cognition in the arts, in add-on to 6 ex officio members of Congress who serve in a non-voting capacity.[11]

Grantmaking [edit]

The NEA offers grants in the categories of: 1) grants for arts projects, 2) national initiatives, and iii) partnership agreements. Grants for arts projects support exemplary projects in the subject field categories of creative person communities, arts education, dance, blueprint, folk and traditional arts, literature, local arts agencies, media arts, museums, music, musical theater, opera, presenting (including multidisciplinary art forms), theater, and visual arts. The NEA too grants individual fellowships in literature to creative writers and translators of exceptional talent in the areas of prose and poetry.

The NEA has partnerships in the areas of state and regional, federal, international activities, and pattern. The state arts agencies and regional arts organizations are the NEA's main partners in serving the American people through the arts. Xl pct of all NEA funding goes to the state arts agencies and regional arts organizations. Additionally, the NEA awards 3 Lifetime Honors: NEA National Heritage Fellowships to primary folk and traditional artists, NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships to jazz musicians and advocates, and NEA Opera Honors to individuals who have made boggling contributions to opera in the United States. The NEA also manages the National Medal of Arts, awarded annually by the President.

Relative scope of funding [edit]

Artist William Powhida has noted that "in one unmarried auction, wealthy collectors bought near a billion dollars in gimmicky art at Christie'due south in New York." He farther commented: "If you had a 2 percent tax just on the auctions in New York you could probably double the NEA upkeep in ii nights."[12]

Lifetime honors [edit]

The NEA is the federal agency responsible for recognizing outstanding achievement in the arts. It does this by application three lifetime achievement awards. The NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships are awarded to individuals who have fabricated significant contributions to the art of jazz. The NEA National Heritage Fellowships are awarded for artistic excellence and accomplishments for American's folk and traditional arts. The National Medal of Arts is awarded by the President of the U.s. and NEA for outstanding contributions to the excellence, growth, back up, and availability of the arts in the United states.

Controversy [edit]

1981 attempts to abolish [edit]

Upon entering office in 1981, the incoming Ronald Reagan administration intended to push Congress to cancel the NEA completely over a three-year catamenia. Reagan's kickoff director of the Office of Management and Budget, David A. Stockman, thought the NEA and the National Endowment for the Humanities were "good [departments] to simply bring to a halt because they went also far, and they would be piece of cake to defeat." Some other proposal would accept halved the arts endowment budget. However, these plans were abandoned when the President's special chore force on the arts and humanities, which included close Reagan allies such as conservatives Charlton Heston and Joseph Coors, discovered "the needs involved and benefits of past help," terminal that continued federal back up was important. Frank Hodsoll became the chairman of the NEA in 1981, and while the department's upkeep decreased from $158.8 million in 1981 to $143.5 one thousand thousand, by 1989 it was $169.1 million, the highest it had ever been.[thirteen] [14] [xv]

1989 objections [edit]

In 1989, Donald Wildmon of the American Family unit Association held a printing conference attacking what he chosen "anti-Christian bigotry," in an exhibition by photographer Andres Serrano. The piece of work at the center of the controversy was Piss Christ, a photo of a plastic crucifix submerged in a vial of an amber fluid described by the artist every bit his ain urine.[16] Republican Senators Jesse Helms and Al D'Amato began to rally confronting the NEA, and expanded the attack to include other artists. Prominent conservative Christian figures including Pat Robertson of the 700 Club and Pat Buchanan joined the attacks. Republican representative Dick Armey, an opponent of federal arts funding, began to attack a planned exhibition of photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe at the Corcoran Museum of Art that was to receive NEA support.

On June 12, 1989, The Corcoran cancelled the Mapplethorpe exhibition, saying that it did not want to "adversely affect the NEA'south congressional appropriations." The Washington Project for the Arts after hosted the Mapplethorpe prove. The counterfoil was highly criticized and in September, 1989, the Manager of the Corcoran gallery, Christina Orr-Cahill, issued a formal statement of apology saying, "The Corcoran Gallery of Art in attempting to defuse the NEA funding controversy by removing itself from the political spotlight, has instead found itself in the eye of controversy. By withdrawing from the Mapplethorpe exhibition, we, the lath of trustees and the director, have inadvertently offended many members of the arts community which nosotros deeply regret. Our course in the future will be to support art, artists and freedom of expression."[17]

Democrat representative Pat Williams, chairman of the House subcommittee with jurisdiction over the NEA reauthorization, partnered with republican Tom Coleman to formulate a compromise nib to save the Endowment. The Williams-Coleman substitute increased funding to states arts councils for new programs to expand access to the arts in rural and inner urban center areas, leave the obscenity determination to the courts, and altered the limerick of the review panels to increase diversity of representation and eradicate the possibility of conflicts of interest.[18] Afterwards fierce debate, the language embodied in the Williams-Coleman substitute prevailed and subsequently became law.[nineteen]

Though this controversy inspired congressional debate about appropriations to the NEA, including proposed restrictions on the content of NEA-supported work and their grantmaking guidelines, efforts to defund the NEA failed.[20]

1990 operation artists vetoed [edit]

Conservative media continued to assault private artists whose NEA-supported work was deemed controversial. The "NEA Four", Karen Finley, Tim Miller, John Bit, and Holly Hughes, were performance artists whose proposed grants from the U.s. government'southward National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) were vetoed past John Frohnmayer in June 1990. Grants were overtly vetoed on the footing of bailiwick matter subsequently the artists had successfully passed through a peer review procedure. The artists won their example in court in 1993 and were awarded amounts equal to the grant money in question, though the case would brand its way to the Us Supreme Court in National Endowment for the Arts 5. Finley.[21] The example centered on subsection (d)(1) of 20 U.Southward.C. § 954 which provides that the NEA Chairperson shall ensure that artistic excellence and artistic merit are the criteria by which applications are judged. The court ruled in 524 U.S. 569 (1998), that Section 954(d)(1) is facially valid, every bit information technology neither inherently interferes with Outset Amendment rights nor violates constitutional vagueness principles.

1995–1997 congressional attacks [edit]

The 1994 midterm elections cleared the way for House Speaker Newt Gingrich to lead a renewed set on on the NEA. Gingrich had called for the NEA to exist eliminated completely along with the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. While some in Congress attacked the funding of controversial artists, others argued the endowment was wasteful and elitist.[22] However, despite massive budget cutbacks and the end of grants to individual artists, Gingrich ultimately failed in his push to eliminate the endowment.

Proposed defunding [edit]

The budget outline submitted by then-president Donald Trump on March sixteen, 2017, to Congress would eliminate all funding for the plan.[23] [24] Congress approved a upkeep that retained NEA funding. The White House budget proposed for financial year 2018 again chosen for elimination of funding, but Congress retained the funding for another year.[25]

Chairpeople [edit]

  • 1965–1969 Roger Fifty. Stevens, appointed past Lyndon B. Johnson
  • 1969–1977 Nancy Hanks, appointed past Richard M. Nixon
  • 1977–1981 Livingston L. Biddle, Jr., appointed by Jimmy Carter
  • 1981–1989 Frank Hodsoll, appointed by Ronald Reagan
  • 1989–1992 John Frohnmayer, appointed by George H. West. Bush
  • 1993–1997 Jane Alexander, appointed by Neb Clinton
  • 1998–2001 Pecker Ivey, appointed by Nib Clinton
  • 2002 Michael P. Hammond, appointed past George Due west. Bush
  • 2002–2003 Eileen Beth Mason, Interim Chairman, appointed past George Due west. Bush
  • 2003–2009 Dana Gioia, appointed by George West. Bush
  • 2009 Patrice Walker Powell, Acting Chairman, appointed by Barack Obama[26] [27]
  • 2009–2012 Rocco Landesman, appointed by Barack Obama[28] [29] [30]
  • 2012–2014 Joan Shigekawa, Interim Chairman[31]
  • 2014–2018[32] R. Jane Chu, appointed by Barack Obama[33] [34]
  • 2019–2021[35] Mary Anne Carter, appointed past Donald Trump[36]
  • 2021–Present[37] Maria Rosario Jackson, appointed by Joe Biden.[38]

Nancy Hanks (1969–77) [edit]

Nancy Hanks served as the 2d Chairman of the NEA (1969-1977) She was appointed by President Richard Nixon, continuing her service under Gerald Ford. During her eight-yr tenure, the NEA's funding increased from $viii million to $114 million.[ citation needed ]

According to Elaine A. Rex:

Nancy Hanks perhaps was able to accomplish her mission because she functioned as a type of benevolent art dictator rather than mucking with multiple agendas and political red-tape. From 1969 through 1977, under Hanks' administration, the Arts Endowment functioned like a fine piece of oiled mechanism. Hanks continuously obtained the requested essential appropriations from Congress because of her genius in implementing the power of the lobby system. Although she had non had direct administrative experience in the federal government, some people were skeptical at the get-go of her term. Those in doubtfulness underestimated her bureaucratic astuteness and her ability to direct this circuitous cultural office. Richard Nixon's early on endorsement of the arts benefited the Arts Endowment in several means. The budget for the Arts Endowment non simply increased but also more federal funding became bachelor and numerous programs inside the bureau.[39]"

See also [edit]

  • National Endowment for the Humanities
  • National Heritage Fellowship
  • National Medal of Arts winners
  • NEA Jazz Masters
  • New York City Section of Cultural Diplomacy

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ world wide web.whitehouse.gov
  2. ^ a b National Endowment for the Arts. "Most U.s.". Archived from the original on September i, 2006. Retrieved March xiii, 2009.
  3. ^ "United statesC. Championship 20 - Pedagogy". www.govinfo.gov . Retrieved 2020-10-02 .
  4. ^ "The 2016 Tony Awards: Winners". Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  5. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts wins Honorary Oscar".
  6. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts: United States of Arts".
  7. ^ Karen Patricia Heath, "Creative scarcity in an historic period of fabric abundance: President Lyndon Johnson, the National Endowment for the Arts, and Dandy Social club liberalism." European Journal of American Culture 36.1 (2017): five-22. online
  8. ^ [i] [ dead link ]
  9. ^ a b National Endowment for the Arts Appropriations History, NEA
  10. ^ Patricia Cohen (August 7, 2013) Vacancies Hamper Agencies for Arts New York Times.
  11. ^ National Council on the Arts Archived 2010-12-16 at the Wayback Machine, nea.gov Archived 2008-11-06 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Neda Ulaby (Director) (2014-05-fifteen). "In Pricey Cities, Being A Maverick Starving Artist Gets One-time Fast". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved 2014-05-31 .
  13. ^ William H. Honan (May 15, 1988). "Book Discloses That Reagan Planned To Kill National Endowment for Arts". New York Times.
  14. ^ Gioia, Dana (17 February 2017). "For the umpteenth fourth dimension, the National Endowment for the Arts deserves its funding". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February twenty, 2017.
  15. ^ "Frank Hodsoll, NEA chairman who championed arts under Reagan, dies at 78". Washington Post . Retrieved February twenty, 2017.
  16. ^ Paul Monaco (2000). Understanding Gild, Civilisation, and Television receiver. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 100. ISBN978-0-275-97095-6.
  17. ^ Quigley, Margaret. "The Mapplethorpe Censorship Controversy". PublicEye.org/Political Enquiry Associates. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  18. ^ Kresse, Mary Ellen (January 1, 1991). "Turmoil at the National Endowment for the Arts: Tin Federally Funded Act Sur unded Act Survive the "Mapplethorpe Contr e the "Mapplethorpe Controversy" ?". Buffalo Police force Review: 44 – via Digital Commons.
  19. ^ Parachini, Changed NEA Likely Fifty-fifty Without Content Rules, 50.A. Times, Oct. 29, 1990 Online
  20. ^ C. Carr, Timeline of NEA 4 events, franklinfurnace.org
  21. ^ National Endowment for the Arts five. Finley, 524 U.Southward. 569, (1998).
  22. ^ Hughes, Robert (August 7, 1995). "Pulling the Fuse on Culture". TIME. Archived from the original on October 9, 2009. Retrieved October three, 2009.
  23. ^ Naylor, Brian (March xvi, 2017). "Trump Budget Cuts Funding For Arts, Humanities Endowments And Corporation For Public Broadcasting". NPR . Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  24. ^ McPhee, Ryan (March sixteen, 2017). "Trump Administration'due south Budget Proposal Eliminates National Endowment for the Arts". Playbill . Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  25. ^ National Endowment for the Arts Update: Trump FY2018 Upkeep Proposal Calls for Emptying of NEA Funding
  26. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts Announces New Acting Chairman" Archived 2009-04-04 at the Wayback Automobile, NEA press release dated Feb 2, 2009 at NEA website.
  27. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Saving Federal Arts Funds: Selling Civilisation every bit an Economic Force," New York Times, February 16, 2009.
  28. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Producer Is Chosen to Pb Arts Endowment", New York Times, May xiii, 2009.
  29. ^ Davi Napoleon, "Mr. Landesman Goes to Washington" Archived 2009-07-thirteen at the Wayback Machine, The Faster Times, June 13, 2009.
  30. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Rocco Landesman Confirmed as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts", New York Times, August 7, 2009.
  31. ^ "Statement from National Endowment for the Arts Chairman Rocco Landesman". The National Endowment for the Arts. November twenty, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
  32. ^ "Statement from Jane Chu on the Determination of Her Term equally NEA Chair on June 4, 2018 | NEA". www.arts.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-05-03.
  33. ^ "Jane Chu confirmed as NEA Chairman after position had been vacant for a year". The Washington Mail service. July 12, 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  34. ^ "Jane Chu Confirmed as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts". Retrieved June 12, 2014.
  35. ^ "Mary Anne Carter". NEA. 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2020-06-xv .
  36. ^ "Mary Anne Carter Confirmed by Senate as Chairman of National Endowment for the Arts". NASAA . Retrieved 2019-08-06 .
  37. ^ "Maria Rosario Jackson". NEA. 2022-02-17.
  38. ^ "Senate confirms Biden'southward pick for the National Endowment for the Arts". NEA . Retrieved 2022-02-17 .
  39. ^ Elaine A. King,"Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the United States, 1965-1978: The National Endowment for the Arts, and Influential Force"' (Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1986).

Sources [edit]

  • Statement from Jane Chu on the Conclusion of Her Term every bit NEA Chair on June four, 2018
  • National Endowment for the Arts (2000). The National Endowment for the Arts 1965-2000: A Brief Chronology of Federal Support for the Arts. Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts. OCLC 52401250. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-05-24 .

Further reading [edit]

  • Arian, Edward. The Unfulfilled Hope: Public Subsidy of the Arts in America (1993)
  • Benedict, Stephen, ed. Public Coin and the Muse: Essays on Government Funding for the Arts (1991)
  • Binkiewicz, Donna M. "Directions in arts policy history." Journal of Policy History 21.4 (2009): 424–430.
  • Binkiewicz, Donna M. Federalizing the Muse: United States Arts Policy and the National Endowment for the Arts, 1965–1980, (U of N Carolina Printing, 2004) 312pp., ISBN 0-8078-2878-five.
  • Cowen, Tyler. Good and plenty: The creative successes of American arts funding (Princeton UP< 2009).
  • Heath, Karen Patricia. "Artistic scarcity in an age of fabric affluence: President Lyndon Johnson, the National Endowment for the Arts, and Smashing Lodge liberalism." European Journal of American Culture 36.one (2017): 5-22. online
  • Jensen, Richard. "The culture wars, 1965-1995: A historian's map." Journal of Social History (1995): 17–37. online
  • Kammen, Michael. "Civilization and the State in America." Periodical of American History 83.iii (1996): 791–814. online
  • Rex,Elaine A. "Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the United States, 1965-1978: The National Endowment for the Arts, and Influential Force"' (Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1986).
  • Levy, Alan Howard. Regime and the arts: Debates over federal back up of the arts in America from George Washington to Jesse Helms (Upward of America, 1997).
  • Love, Jeffrey. "Sorting out our roles: The state arts agencies and the national endowment for the arts." Periodical of Arts Management and Law 21.3 (1991): 215–226.
  • Lowell, Julia F. "Country Arts Agencies 1965-2003. Whose Interests to Serve?: (RAND Paper No. RAND/MG-121. RAND CORP, 2004). online
  • Marquis, Alice Goldfarb. Fine art lessons: Learning from the ascent and fall of public arts funding (1995).
  • NEA. National Endowment for the Arts: a cursory history, 1965-2006: an excerpt --the get-go through the Hanks era (1986) Online gratis
  • Ottley, Gary, and Richard Hanna. "Do consumers know enough to assess the true value of art? A written report of beliefs and attitudes toward the NEA." Journal of Public Affairs 18.2 (2018): e1654.
  • Schuster, J. Mark. "Sub-national cultural policy--where the activeness is: Mapping state cultural policy in the United States." International journal of cultural policy 8.2 (2002): 181–196.
  • Uy, Michael Sy. Enquire the Experts: How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Inverse American Music, (Oxford Academy Press, 2020) 270pp.

Primary sources [edit]

  • Alexander, Jane. Command Performance: an Actress in the Theater of Politics. (Public Affairs, 2000) Chairman of the NEA 1993-1997
  • Biddle, Livingston. Our government and the arts: A perspective from the inside (1988), drafted NEA legislation; senior NEA official
  • Frohnmayer, John. Leaving Town Alive: Confessions of an Arts Warrior (1992) NEA Chairman 1989 to 1992
  • Straight, Michael. Nancy Hanks: an intimate portrait: the creation of a national commitment to the arts. (1988) Nancy Hanks was NEA Chairman 1969–77; Michael Straight was her deputy chairman.
  • National Endowment for the Arts. The National Endowment for the Arts 1965-2000: A Brief Chronology of Federal Support for the Arts. Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17.

External links [edit]

  • Official website
  • National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities in the Federal Register
  • publications by and about NEA online free
  • NEA Minor Printing Collection From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts

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